Project Float. Project float is when the project team delays the entire initiative without affecting the end user, client or customer. How to calculate Interfering Float using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Interfering Float, enter Total Float (TF0) & Free Float (FF0) and hit the calculate button. Once backward pass and total float calculation is complete the resultant network diagram will look as follows. Parameters: x, yarray_like. Activity 1-2 1-3 1-5 2-3 2-4…. It affects only preceding activities. Save yourself the time and hassle of updating your entire critical path diagram, also known as a project network diagram, manually. Table of Contents What is Project Management Float? Benefits of Float in Project Management Choosing the Right Type of Float for Better Project Management. As stated earlier, float values indicate how much each individual activity can be delayed before affecting successor activities or the planned project completion date. Businesses track it using a platform dashboard. Total Float. It is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without impacting other activities or the project end date and changes over the course. subsequent tasks (“free float”). PERT chart for a project with five milestones (10 through 50) and six activities (A through F). Three other types of float were considered/calculated 5: - Independent Float (IF): The amount of scheduling flexibility available on the activity without displacing any other activity (before or after). With free float available for an activity, a project manager knows that the float can be used without changes the status of any non-critical activity to become critical. Additionally, the recent amendments require issuers to include a checked box on. 71 A project has the following activities: Activity Duration (Days) 1-2 2 1-3 4 1-4 3 2-5 1 3-5. Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Building Construction. Step 3: Calculate the Early Start and Late Start Times. ediff1d (ary[, to_end, to_begin]) The differences between consecutive elements of an array. The project has two critical paths: activities B and C, or A, D, and F – giving a minimum project time of 7 months with fast tracking. The calculation is the number of shares shorted in a stock divided by the number of shares of a company’s stock that are available to trade. Independent float calculator uses Independent Float = Early Finish Time - Late Start Time - Activity Time to calculate the Independent Float, Independent float is that portion of the total float within which an activity can be delayed for start without affecting the float of the preceding activities. . Continue Reading. Define "independent float" Belongs to one activity and that activity alone. Critical path, Total float, Free float, Independent float calculator. Payer Corporation writes a check for $5,000 and mails it to a supplier on Wednesday. As forensic float is measured from actual dates forward, forensic drift is also required to properly calculate forensic total float. Total Float is the total amount of time a task can be delayed and still keep the project on schedule, while Free Float is the amount of time a task can be delayed without impacting other tasks in the project. The exact buoyancy can vary based on factors like drum design and water density. ADM float Calculations In an Activity on Arrow network, the computers calculate data for both the events at the end of the arrows and the activity itself (the arrow). Similarly, there is a 4-day float path and a 6-day float path. Capture the rising edge and store the value of the timer in tempTime. You can select input skins from the left pane. Critical path, Total float, Free float, Independent float calculator. second of the two independent samples. Example :7. It does not directly account for factors like wind forces or wave action, which can impact the overall stability and design of the dock. 2. This webpage is a tool to understand IEEE-754 floating point numbers. Free Float: The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date. Calculate the NPV at 10 % discount rate for the following data Project Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 A (100) 100 100 A. densityDpi / 160)); does not work on small devices because it is divided by zero. I have written this article to explain the difference between Total Float and Free Float in project Management. More simply, the range an activity can move around without affecting the end date of the project. The Total Float is distributed as free. The normalizing step in the end iterates typically twice. Check out for more free engineering tutorials and math lessons!Project Management Tutorial: Determine Total Float & Free Float (. The independent float of activity 78 is the amount of time or slack (float) available for an activity before it affects the early start date of any successor activity. Total float (TF) is a by-product of the CPM calculation []; TF is the difference between the time available for performing an activity and the time required for doing it []. Here is how the Interfering Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 6. Make sure you use the appropriate data type for the respective UDF. 68 billion float and 16. We find that in most analyzed cases after the transition from a. 7 Gross margin: 2,967. For example having 6 days available to do 4 days worth of work. Here is how the Independent Float given Slack calculation can be explained with given input values -> 2 = 691200-518400. This is the format in which almost all CPUs represent non-integer numbers. Learn morePerform a t-test in R using the following functions : t_test () [rstatix package]: a wrapper around the R base function t. 4. This float virtually leaves no time for breathing since, the. Float / Slack; Early Start, Early Finish, Late State, Late Finish Calculations; Or check out this playlist – Now that you know how to calculate Early Start, Early Finish, Late Start and Late Finish specifically from topic number 4, it is important to know that there are actually two ways to calculate these values,Interfering float and independent float also have to be restated, but total float calculation remains unchanged. Then we minus the. Conclusion. H,I constitute. Here, the free float calculation formula is: Free float = (earliest start of the dependant task) - (earliest finish of current activity). Free Float is the period by which an activity can shift in its timing without affecting the early. The sequence of acitivities, together with their predecessors, is given below. Examples of Float. Total Float is the total amount of time a task can be delayed and still keep the project on schedule, while Free Float is the amount of time a task can be delayed without impacting other tasks in the project. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation. Calculation of LFT and LST 49. In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. Calculate Total Float. Our float time calculator is very easy to use: Simply click the calendar icon and choose the earliest possible date ( EST) the project can start. 1. 000139 = 1555200-518400. Your float values for sub-critical tasks are not actually slack for the rest of the project. project management, based on our survey, have for decades been using a popular formula to calculate free floats that may lead to erroneous results in the presence of dummy arcs. Total Float, Free Float and Independent Float explained with examples. If any activity on the critical path is delayed, the completion of the project will be delayed by an equal amount. Amount of time a project can be delayed without impacting an imposed deadline. 99! arrow. As with free float, total float is within the critical path. For any remaining activities, in this case Activity 1, the float will be the duration of the critical path minus the duration of this path. An entity is a smaller reporting company if it has a public float (the aggregate market value of the issuer’s outstanding voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates) of less than $250 million; or. The critical path method (CPM), or critical path analysis (CPA), is an algorithm. . FFE = EE(j) - EFT = 31 - 25 = 6 Three other types of float were considered/calculated6: - Independent Float (IF): The amount of scheduling flexibility available on the activity without displacing any other activity (before or after). This is done by taking the difference between the Early Start' and *Late Start' or the difference. We have written a post that explains how to elaborate the project network diagram step by step. Let’s confirm this with second method. A critical path is a type of task that cannot be delayed or moved around and. It is the float available to the activity regardless of the timing of either node. Calculate theTotal Float (TF), Free Float (FF) and Independent Float (IF) for each activity, and organize. SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS. Just remember this, and you can get this formula correct. Division (/) always returns a float. In order to identify the critical path, we need to calculate the activity float for each activity. the issues of the existence of pseudo start and end events independent of the activity duration remain; refer Figure 3. Subtracting the ES from the LS or the EF from the LF gives the total float value for the. TF=Lj-Ei-tij (tij is the duration of ij. Determination of Float & Slack in CPM network calculations. Simply we can say that Free Float is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the “Early Start” date of its successor. Here is how the Independent Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 3. For a complex project, you will need to use project management software to develop the critical path scheduling that will add cost to your project. When leveraged properly, project managers can shift activities and resources to meet the project objectives and priorities. Float is the late start minus the early start. Float represents the amount of time a particular task can be delayed without jeopardizing or delaying the entire project. Once a network has been drafted, it must be analyzed. Critical activities, activities on the critical path, will always have zero slack. Critical Path Analysis Complete Project Schedule Network Diagram Step – 8 : Calculate Free. In other words, suppose you have a project to finish in 25 days. You can obtain this equation as a result of a derivation of the buoyant force. Float calculation D. Added an answer on October 7, 2020 at 8:00 pm. Calculation of EST and EFT 48. Capture the first falling edge and store the value of the timer in startTime. Earned Value Management (EVM) SV = EV – PV. Budget 2024 Revenue: 8,769. Free float: It is the amount of time that the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of the immediate successor. Free float, on the other hand, is calculated by subtracting the task’s earliest finish date from its earliest start date. Density is a characteristic property of a substance and doesn’t depend on the amount of substance. Here is how the Independent Float used in CPM calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. To calculate Free Float for any task, follow these steps: First Step in Planning a Project: Define the Critical Path: First, identify the critical path for your project. The Dock Float Calculator specifically focuses on determining the number of floats required based on weight and buoyancy. The Independent Float is the most restricted float and thus the (only) one genuinely owned by the activity and its owner. Let’s confirm this with second method. Vishal Tidake Sanjivani College of Engineering, kopargaon. The factors total, free and independent floats are discussed with. First, let’s calculate the total float by subtracting the duration of the non-critical path from the critical path. Fill in the appropriate boxes per the legend (ES, EF, LS & LF). Core Scheduling Papers: #5. But the Free Float can be consumed by. It’s essential to ensure the drum is securely attached to the dock and that the overall weight is well-distributed for stability. Free Float = ES of successor activity. The report and qualifications of the independent. Crashing: The crashing is the reduction in the duration of the_project. Total float is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the project’s estimated completion time. Currently, as indicated on the company’s balance sheet, its total outstanding common shares number 500,000 (50,000 of which are held by the CEO and CFO of the company) while 80,000 shares are held in treasury. Robert Jacobs, Richard B Chase. → The most common words that we use in the CPM_Method are explained below. 4). WebMarket research has already indicated the volume expected and the size of sales force required. Then using the slack time formula, calculate the float time. We find that in most analyzed cases after the transition from a. Calculate a linear least-squares regression for two sets of measurements. Add your perspective Help others by sharing. ADM—The Intuitive Method 6. Determine the free float of Company A. The early start date is the soonest date that you can possibly begin working on a task. TF (Total Float) = Simple formula to calculate total float is our usual formula i. Link gaps are keys in GPM calculations, as all floats and drifts originate at. Free float ratio can affect stock prices in two ways. Others may simply state the Float, and then ask you to interpret it. 2, 4, 20) have type int, the ones with a fractional part (e. Here is how the Independent Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 3. Calculate the Float; It illustrates how much extra time could be added to the task without impacting other activities or the project's deadline for completion. 9 Computation Time 6. Commit additional resources to work on the zero float tasks that will move the project finish date forward. 5 B. node). Free float: The delay can be made without delaying succeeding activities. Step 1 – Construction of graph with nodes and edges from the code. Check out for more free engineering tutorials and math lessons!Project Management Tutorial: Determine Total Float & Free Float (. The project start date is September 7, 2020. The factors total, free and independent floats are discussed with. This can be calculated by using the formula: LF – EF = total float. g. Share. Free Float given Indenpendent Float calculator uses Free Float = Independent Float + Slack of an Event to calculate the Free Float, The Free Float given Indenpendent Float formula is defined as the time available for an activity while considering dependencies, minus independent float, representing schedule flexibility. Please note that Total Float is zero on the. Total float of activity affects total float of succeeding as well as preceding activities. What are A,B and C’s. 2 Gross margin: 3,317. Calculate Free Float or Independent Float: Free Float or Independent Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of its successor activity. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations ¶. This is a test for the null hypothesis that 2 independent samples have identical average (expected) values. Two sets of measurements. The quantification of this delay is called the “float”. 0, 1. first of the two independent samples. Level of Detail (LOD) expressions. Generally, the rotameter is a tube made of plastic, glass or metal combined with a float, which responds linearly to the flowrate of the fluid in that tube. We discuss three types of Floats in this video viz Total Float, Free Float and Independent Float with examples. The critical path is the path through the network that results in the latest completion date of the project. The Total Float in CPM formula is defined as the time span by which the starting or finishing time can be delayed without delaying or affecting the overall project. 15. Step 3: Calculate the Early Start and Late Start Times. The n choose k formula translates this into 4 choose 3 and 4 choose 2, and the binomial coefficient calculator counts them to be 4 and 6, respectively. This float has no impact on the project's earliest completion. It’s essential to ensure the drum is securely attached to the dock and that the overall weight is well-distributed for stability. This will tell you how much total time the critical tasks can be delayed before the entire project misses its completion target. For example, when you’re making an omelet, “Heating the pan” has zero float since it is on the critical path. The CPM method, also known as critical path analysis (CPA), consists in using the CPM formula and a network diagram to visually represent the task sequences of a project. Find ES, EF, LS, LF, and slack time for each event. Increasing resources assigned to each task or milestone. To calculate independent float, we take the late finish of the prior tasks and subtract the early start of the subsequent tasks. This chapter discusses the common arithmetical methods for calculating the two main types of float (total and free) and the early and late starts and finishes and finding the critical path (or paths). 10. The reason there are two types of float is because a delayed task is probably not a concern if the next task is able to “absorb” the delay. Free Float. 14 - 12 = 2. The reason there are two types of float is because a delayed task is probably not a concern if the next task is able to “absorb” the delay. So independent float is the delay in any project tasks that have no bearing on the early finish date of the project. This video will explain the terms associated with the network analysis for cost scheduling. or the scientific notation E or e , e. Free Float: The amount that a task can move without affecting other tasks. The phrase "common equity securities" includes. Independent Float video > Relationship Slack [Slack] - the amount of ‘unused’ time difference between the predecessor and the successor activities or relative float in relationships. Free and independent float. It is a software metric that measures the logical complexity of the program code. 31) shows that in order to calculate the total float, it is necessary to carry out the forward and backward pass. What is float? Definition of Float. The critical path of the. Calculate the free float and interfering float for each of the activities show n in the activity network (Table 6. The consumption of the Independent Float does not affect the surrounding activities’ dates in any possible way. The Free Float given Indenpendent Float formula is defined as the time available for an activity while considering dependencies, minus independent float, representing schedule flexibility and is represented as FF 0 = IF 0 + S or Free Float = Independent Float + Slack of an Event. Check out for more free engineering tutorials and math lessons! Project Management Tutorial: Determine Total. Tulsian, Vishal Pandey. This answer was edited. I am trying to calculate a variable amount of pixels to density independent pixels and vice-versa. Join train engine and bogies. I have one question which I need the answer and the method of calculation so I can replicate the same. Independent Float Formula. Add your perspective Help others by sharing. 1. Alternately, you can subtract the task’s earliest start (ES) date from its latest start (LS) date, like this: LS – ES = total float. Author (s): P. Here LS = 7 and ES =1, therefore total float of Node A = 7 – 1 = 6. Independent float (INDF) The INDF is the maximum period you can delay an activity without affecting the subsequent task's earliest start date. Quantitative Techniques: Theory and Problems adopts a fresh and novel approach to the study of quantitative techniques, and provides a comprehensive coverage of the subject. Random floating numbers can be generated using 2 methods: Using rand () Using uniform real distribution. x2 array_like, 1-D or 2-D. TF is the least restrictive definition of float []; however, TF is the most popular float type in managing construction projects. Release date: June 2006. It only affects concerned activity. Screen density is the number of pixels within an area (like an inch) of the screen. 5E-5 = 3974400-1987200. . Independent float: This kind of float defines the amount of time you can put off completing a task before it affects the early start of dependent projects. Total float = L j – (E i + t ij) Calculation: Given: For activity e, L j = 7, E i = 4, t ij = 2. This paper examines how project managers can use the graphical path method (GPM), a tool that can help them solve scheduling problems via a forensic total float approach which can also help them to retroactively analyze a schedule'sperformance. Spearman's correlation coefficient = covariance (rank (X), rank (Y)) / (stdv (rank (X)) * stdv (rank (Y))) A linear relationship between the variables is not assumed, although a monotonic relationship is assumed. OMEGA ™ laboratory rotameters are far more versatile. Free Float = Lowest ES of successors – EF. Secondly, lower free float ratio means that there is less. Here is how the Independent Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 3. To determine earliest event time & latest event time, we proceed as follows: 3. 000139 = 1555200-518400. b) Free float It is defined by assuming that all. This will help us get the critical path on our Schedule Network Diagram. We calculate the multifractal spectra and estimate the complexity parameters from four degree polynomial fit. - Selection from Quantitative Techniques: Theory and Problems [Book] Float. Float (slack): The float or slack is the amount of time for that the activity can be delayed without the project delay. Please note that Total Float is zero on the. If it’s 0, the float is positive; if it’s 1, the float is negative. Float = Late start – Early Start; Now finally with all of that information, we can calculate our float. Author: Worrell, William A. To use this online calculator for Free Float given Indenpendent Float, enter Independent Float (IF 0) & Slack of an Event (S) and hit the calculate button. How to use our float time calculator. To determine the scaling factor, take the DPI value and divide by USER_DEFAULT_SCREEN_DPI. Assemble two-tier bridge. Activities for this project are as below (output from Define Activities process) –. Critical Path, Total Float, Free Float, Independent Float Calculator. 1E-5 = 3974400-1641600-1728000. To calculate Early Finish Time, you need Early Start Time (EST) & Safety Stock (S). Solution: 1. Example 1: Draw the network for the events in Table 1. 0 for float, "" for string, and the. Link for the calculat. 2b), which would be the most recent fiscal year for which audited financial statements are included in the initial registration statement. Here is how the Independent Float used in CPM calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. The critical path is the path through the network that results in the latest completion date of the project. I calculate project length and float starting with day 0. Define Full Floating Independent Amount,. ADM float Calculations In an Activity on Arrow network, the computers calculate data for both the events at the end of the arrows and the activity itself (the arrow). By international agreement, this. g. Independent Float: Relax or delay provided to any activity without affecting the Earliest Start Time (EST) of successor activity as well as Latest Finish Time (LFT) of the predecessor activity. Imagine a buoy made of cork floating on water. Backward pass. Assume that the buoy has a volume of 2 cubic feet (ft-cubed) and a density of 15 pounds per ft-cubed. By looking at some reference I found them to be: Finish Float = Late Finish - Early Finish. Android Pixel Calculator. How to calculate Independent Float using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Independent Float, enter Early Finish Time (EFT), Late Start Time (LST) & Activity Time (t activity) and hit the calculate button. Floating-point numbers are represented using the same offset binary representation as was used for the division problems. a traditional CPM calculation, four types of float can be calculated: total float (TF), free float (FF), interfering float (INTF) and independent float (INDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices: S&P Float Adjustment Methodology 6 Calculation of Investable Weight Factors For each stock an Investable Weight Factor (IWF) is calculated: IWF = (available float shares)/(total shares outstanding) (1) where available float shares are defined as total shares outstanding less shares held by strategic holders. The calculation of Free Float in a PDM network is more complex! These can actually be calculated with a simple formula. A large variance inflation factor (VIF) on an independent variable indicates a highly collinear relationship to the other variables that should be considered or adjusted for in the structure of. Important Points:-1. Total Float = LF – EF. Rotameter flow meters are devices that can measure the flowrate of liquids and gases. This shows you that you can have up to nine days of delays without impacting subsequent tasks and still finish the overall project on time. 2. following activity. SPI = EV / PV. Two other varieties of float (for non-critical activities) are also conventionally distinguished:. Free float is a measure of a task's flexibility and how much it can be delayed without affecting other tasks. Groups: Spider Project Team. Total float activity n = Late start activity n – Early start activity n. . How to calculate Independent Float using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Independent Float, enter Early Finish Time (EFT), Late Start Time (LST) & Activity Time (t activity) and hit the calculate button. We have already discussed CPM(Critical path method) in pr. Type: FLOAT. Independent float is the amount of time by which:. Create Rank or Row Number calculations. You can add salt to the raw egg mixture, while the eggs are cooking, and even after they’ve cooked. The Total Float is the difference between the project completion date and the total duration of critical path activities. Now it's time to calculate the density of your produce. Operations Research: Critical Path Method (CPM) - Problem 1to calculation of total float, free float, independent float. To calculate a task’s total float, simply take the difference between the. Total Float Calculation: With the LS, ES, LF, and EF values determined, project managers can now calculate the total float for each task. Concept: Independent float is the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed without affecting the total float of its proceeding and succeeding activity. However, if this option is ever adjusted, you may start to notice that Level of Effort and WBS Summary activity types will have erroneous amounts of negative float. The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a network diagram of the project that includes the following-. 75 billion shares excellent. In the case of two samples, the samples are assumed to be independent. Free float is a measure of a task's flexibility and how much it can be delayed without affecting other tasks. FF = EF - ES FF = EF − ES. e. The calculation of Total Float in a PDM network is contained within the activity and is basically the same as for an ADM activity. It is common to collectively refer to this sequence of activities as the 3-day float path. Independent float calculator uses Independent Float = Early Finish Time - Late Start Time - Activity Time to calculate the Independent Float, Independent float is that. Company A is a publicly traded company with 1,000,000 shares authorized. Don’t forget to check. Level out the requirement of the resource if the maximum number of masons has been limited to 7. I hope it is going to help you all. 000208 = 4924800- (1641600+1728000). Many questions need you to calculate Float. Float project management helps you identify individual tasks and project “slack” — that’s how much time and leeway your task has – and helps you use this to determine whether a project schedule is viable and identify which tasks are on a “critical path”. Remove or change any “Hard constraints” that prevent the logical float calculation from flowing. Total float represents the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the overall project duration and is also called “float” or “slack”. Calculating and Using Float Origin of Float The concept of schedule float is the creation of the Critical Path Method (CPM) of scheduling. and complete a financial statement audit by an independent auditor who is required to consider ICFR in the performance of that audit. With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Early Start. Archimedes' principle is the statement that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Here is how the. Calculations 5. Both parts must be turned on a lathe Y must be polished where as X need not be polished. Regular project reports keep all of your stakeholders on top of what is happening with the project. It is computed for an activity by subtracting the tail event slack from its total float. 1 Attributes of an Event 5. S&P Dow Jones Indices: S&P Float Adjustment Methodology 6 Calculation of Investable Weight Factors For each stock an Investable Weight Factor (IWF) is calculated: IWF = (available float shares)/(total shares outstanding) (1) where available float shares are defined as total shares outstanding less shares held by strategic holders. 56, 3. Total float is how long an activity can be delayed, without delaying the project completion date. Total Float: The total amount of time that a schedule activity may be delayed from its early start date without delaying the project finish date, or violating a schedule constraint. If the calculation's result could be more than one value, the workbook can't choose a default value. Step 4: Calculate the total float To calculate the total float of a task, project managers need to subtract the duration of each task from the difference between the late finish date and the early finish date of each task. Total Float, Free Float and Independent Float explained with examples. But, whereas Arrow diagrams had discrete components and. You should now be able to see the slack time ( ST) for the project. Annual revenues of less than $100 million and either no public float or a public float of. What. float and it's type ,total float, independent float, free float with example | project managementspecial lecture series| project management and planning#Self. Please let me. Free Float = ES of next Activity – EF of Current Activity. Also Lag and Lead is float. Don’t forget to check out the video. How to calculate Independent Float using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Independent Float, enter Early Finish Time (EFT), Late Start Time (LST) & Activity Time (t activity) and hit the calculate button. The cyclomatic complexity of a code section is the quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent paths in it. Here is how the Independent Float used in CPM calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. Just be sure to adjust according to. To get accurate, real-time results, it's best to use project management software that calculates everything automatically. We have written a post that explains how to elaborate the project network diagram step by step. The most well-known IEEE754 floating-point format ( single-precision, or "32-bit") is used in almost all modern computer applications. Total float is 0 on the critical path. Time available for an activity performance minus the duration of the activity C. Cyclomatic complexity indicates several information about the program code-. Total Float = LS – ES. Steps to be followed: The following steps should be followed for computing Cyclomatic complexity and test cases design. In project management, the measure of the amount of time that a task can be delayed without impacting the project’s overall completion date is known as Float. We discuss three types of Floats in this video viz Total Float, Free Float and Independent Float with examples. Total float: This is greatest amount of time we can wait before starting the activity and getting it finished before the next activity must start. How to calculate float Each of the five types of float above has their own calculations. Here is how the Independent Float used in CPM calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. The challenge, in some projects, is calculating the ES and LF dates.